The Chemical Bonds That Make Up Molecule
A freely moving atom is attracted or repulse by other atoms around it. Under this effet, two atoms may approach and attach to one another, become re-arranged to achieve a stable structure. This results in the atoms surrendering their own distinctive properties and coming into possession of new features together, and forming a new substance with entirely different characteristics. For example, two hydrogen atoms and an ocygen atom that join together give rise to a new structure -- astable water molecule.
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if the newly emerged compound were not stable, it would soon dissolve. By analogy, a new organ transplanted intoa patient's body during a transplant operation will impair the stable structure of that body unless it can adapt itself. In a similar way, atoms that combine together must pruduce a stable compound by adapting to one another.
Electrons have vitally important ways of bonding in order for resulting molecules to remain stable, and every atom employs the bonding form appropriate to it. Let us now examine these bonds.
ATOMS ENGAGED IN ELECRON EXCHANGES CONSTRUCT IONIC BONDS
The electron exchange among atoms is analogus to partners pooling their capital to start a new business. If one of the parties lacks sufficernt funds to open a new plant, that person will declare himself a parter and borrow the needed amount of capital from another partner. Thus alasting business agreement is arrived at. When the available capital grows, the number of eventual partners may rise.
The exchange among atoms may be compared to this. We have already mentioned electrons orbits. The number of eletrons in an atom's outermost orbi always is eight. If atoms have fewer electrons than eight, they need to establish partnerships, and in this way, molecules can prosses a stable structure. To form compounds, atoms must either donate electrons from their outermost orbit around the nucleus to another atom, or else borrow one or more electrons from that atom. Following this exchange, the electron-donating atom will have a positive charge and the receiving atom a negative one. Since oppositesattract, these two atoms will not split apart from one another. In this way is formed what's know as an ionic bond, and a molecule results.
For the transfer of a large number of electrons in exchanges between atoms, a considerable amount of energy is necessary. For that reason, the most economical partnership is determined. For example, a chlorine atom has seven electrons in tis outer orbit. Instead of lending seven electrons to another atom, it wil be enough to receive one electron from another atom in order to complete its "capital". The most appropiate atom to donate an electron is sodium, because of the signature extra electron it possesses in its outer shell When sodium lending its one spare electron to the chlorine atom, the sodium chloride molecule is formed -- and the result of this partnership is the salt you use in cooking and eating. Ordinary table salt is nothing more than a single electron echanged between these two atoms. One important point to remember is that pure sodium is actually explosive, and that pure chlorine, a gas, is poisonous. Yet as a result of flawless planning, the mixture of explosive and poisonous ataoms emerges as a substance that meets our culinary needs.
ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS & ESTABLISH COVALENT BONDS
Atoms may sometomes lack enough electrons to donate to one another. Or instead of giving each other electrons, atoms may prefer another from of bonding. At such times they share the requisite electrons between them, literally like two islands joined together by a bridge. In this analogy, electrons constitute this connective bridge, which is known as a covalent bond between atoms. Many important molecules on Earth are the result of such bonds.
SOME ATOMS ARE ATTACHED BY HYDROGEN BONDS
If a hydrogen tom is used in common by two atoms, this bond is know as a hydrogen bond. The two atoms in question have to be negatively charged fot this to happen. Oxygen and nitrogen atoms are the best example of this.
Hydrogen beond are weak, meaning that a low lwvel of energy is sufficient to break the bond. Weak bonds play a most important role in the formation of larger organic molecules, because these bonds are elastic. They impart flexibillity to the substances they give rise to. During this elasticity, however, no rupture takes place between any of the bonds forming the molecule.
Retyped from book: Miracle witthin The Molecule. Harun Yahya (Adnan Oktar)
Classification Of Robotics
SCADA System Architecture
SCADA System Security Issues Overview
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PLCs and RTUs
Remote Communications Networks
SCADA Host Sofware
SCADA Security
Conclusion of SCADA
if the newly emerged compound were not stable, it would soon dissolve. By analogy, a new organ transplanted intoa patient's body during a transplant operation will impair the stable structure of that body unless it can adapt itself. In a similar way, atoms that combine together must pruduce a stable compound by adapting to one another.
Electrons have vitally important ways of bonding in order for resulting molecules to remain stable, and every atom employs the bonding form appropriate to it. Let us now examine these bonds.
ATOMS ENGAGED IN ELECRON EXCHANGES CONSTRUCT IONIC BONDS
The electron exchange among atoms is analogus to partners pooling their capital to start a new business. If one of the parties lacks sufficernt funds to open a new plant, that person will declare himself a parter and borrow the needed amount of capital from another partner. Thus alasting business agreement is arrived at. When the available capital grows, the number of eventual partners may rise.
The exchange among atoms may be compared to this. We have already mentioned electrons orbits. The number of eletrons in an atom's outermost orbi always is eight. If atoms have fewer electrons than eight, they need to establish partnerships, and in this way, molecules can prosses a stable structure. To form compounds, atoms must either donate electrons from their outermost orbit around the nucleus to another atom, or else borrow one or more electrons from that atom. Following this exchange, the electron-donating atom will have a positive charge and the receiving atom a negative one. Since oppositesattract, these two atoms will not split apart from one another. In this way is formed what's know as an ionic bond, and a molecule results.
For the transfer of a large number of electrons in exchanges between atoms, a considerable amount of energy is necessary. For that reason, the most economical partnership is determined. For example, a chlorine atom has seven electrons in tis outer orbit. Instead of lending seven electrons to another atom, it wil be enough to receive one electron from another atom in order to complete its "capital". The most appropiate atom to donate an electron is sodium, because of the signature extra electron it possesses in its outer shell When sodium lending its one spare electron to the chlorine atom, the sodium chloride molecule is formed -- and the result of this partnership is the salt you use in cooking and eating. Ordinary table salt is nothing more than a single electron echanged between these two atoms. One important point to remember is that pure sodium is actually explosive, and that pure chlorine, a gas, is poisonous. Yet as a result of flawless planning, the mixture of explosive and poisonous ataoms emerges as a substance that meets our culinary needs.
ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS & ESTABLISH COVALENT BONDS
Atoms may sometomes lack enough electrons to donate to one another. Or instead of giving each other electrons, atoms may prefer another from of bonding. At such times they share the requisite electrons between them, literally like two islands joined together by a bridge. In this analogy, electrons constitute this connective bridge, which is known as a covalent bond between atoms. Many important molecules on Earth are the result of such bonds.
SOME ATOMS ARE ATTACHED BY HYDROGEN BONDS
If a hydrogen tom is used in common by two atoms, this bond is know as a hydrogen bond. The two atoms in question have to be negatively charged fot this to happen. Oxygen and nitrogen atoms are the best example of this.
Hydrogen beond are weak, meaning that a low lwvel of energy is sufficient to break the bond. Weak bonds play a most important role in the formation of larger organic molecules, because these bonds are elastic. They impart flexibillity to the substances they give rise to. During this elasticity, however, no rupture takes place between any of the bonds forming the molecule.
Retyped from book: Miracle witthin The Molecule. Harun Yahya (Adnan Oktar)
Classification Of Robotics
SCADA System Architecture
SCADA System Security Issues Overview
Conventional IT Security and Relevant SCADA Issues
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